(2019) supplementary materials (download Excel here). The Yamnaya live large in the Y Haplogroup R world as movers and shakers in Europe. [...] The Yamnaya horizon is the visible archaeological expression of a social adjustment to high mobility – the invention of the political infrastructure to manage larger herds from mobile homes based in the steppes. R1a-Z93 (probably most R1a-Z2124) and Steppe_MLBA ancestry, earlier associated with expanding Iranian peoples of the Srubna-Andronovo horizon. (2018) – see Supplementary Table 5. Anthony (2019) agrees with the most likely explanation of the CHG component found in Yamnaya, as derived from steppe hunter-fishers close to the lower Volga basin. To avoid this excess “Steppe ancestry” showing up in the maps, since Bell Beakers from Germany pack the most Yamnaya ancestry among East Bell Beakers outside Hungary (ca. The researchers found that these Caucasus hunters were probably the source of the Near Eastern DNA in the Yamnaya. 51.1% “Steppe ancestry”), I equated this maximum with BK_Scotland_Ach (which shows ca. Here is a migration map for the Yamnaya that shows Afanasievo off to the east in orange around 3000 BCE (marked as … Their cephalic index varies depending on the region, with brachycephaly being prevalent in its southern and southeastern areas, and dolichocephaly being prevalent in its northeastern areas. Unfortunately, while data on the Ukraine_Eneolithic outlier from Alexandria abounds, I don’t have specific data on the so-called ‘outlier’ from Dereivka compared to the other two analyzed together, so these maps of CHG and EHG expansion are possibly showing a lesser distribution to the west than the real one ca. There was a heavy reduction of Neolithic DNA in temperate Europe, and a dramatic increase of the new Yamnaya genomic component that was only marginally present in Europe prior to 3000 BC. (2014) and Mathieson et al. Unpublished samples from Ekaterinovka have been previously reported as within the R1b-L23 tree. [4], Several genetic studies performed since 2015 have given support to the Kurgan theory of Marija Gimbutas regarding the Proto-Indo-European homeland – that Indo-European languages spread throughout Europe from the Eurasian steppes and that the Yamnaya culture were Proto-Indo-Europeans. [citation needed] The earliest remains in Ukraine of a wheeled cart were found in the "Storozhova mohyla" kurgan[d] associated with the Yamnaya culture. Haak et al. (2018), the "North-Western Indian & Pakistani" populations (PNWI) showed significant Middle-Late Bronze Age Steppe (Steppe_MLBA) ancestry along with Yamnaya Early-Middle Bronze Age (Steppe_EMBA) ancestry, but the Indo-Europeans of Gangetic Plains and Dravidian people only showed significant Yamnaya (Steppe_EMBA) ancestry and no Steppe_MLBA. The Yamnaya’s DNA lived on the ancient Corded Ware and Beaker people - named for the pottery their produced. Moving further east in the central steppe, it acquired ~9% ancestry from a group of people that possessed West Siberian Hunter Gatherer ancestry, thus forming the Central Steppe MLBA cluster, which is the primary source of steppe ancestry in South Asia, contributing up to 30% of the ancestry of the modern groups in the region. The following maps are based on formal stats published in the papers and supplementary materials from 2015 until today, mainly on Wang et al. 4000-3500 BC. The conclusions of population genetics regarding … This signal is not seen on the X chromosome (qpAdm P value for admixture on X 0.33 compared to 0.02 for autosomes), suggesting a male-derived admixture, also consistent with the fact that 1 of 10 Okunevo_EMBA males carries a R1b1a2a2 Y chromosome related to those found in western pastoralists. Expanding Repin peoples of Pre-Yamnaya ancestry must have had admixture through exogamy with late Sredni Stog/Proto-Corded Ware peoples during their expansion into the North Pontic area, and Sredni Stog in turn had probably some Pre-Yamnaya admixture, too (although they don’t appear in the simplistic formal stats above). [6] In these groups, several aspects of the Yamnaya culture are present. 's 2016 study estimated (6.5–50.2 %) steppe related admixture in South Asians. The latest papers from Ning et al. NOTE. 5600-5500 BC): After 5000 BC domesticated animals appeared in these same sites in the lower Volga, and in new ones, and in grave sacrifices at Khvalynsk and Ekaterinovka. [46][47], Autosomal tests also indicate that the Yamnaya are the most likely vector for "Ancient North Eurasian" admixture into Europe. [13] The Khvalynsk culture (4700–3800 BCE)[14] (middle Volga) and the Don-based Repin culture (ca.3950–3300 BCE)[15] in the eastern Pontic-Caspian steppe, and the closely related Sredny Stog culture (c. 4500–3500 BCE) in the western Pontic-Caspian steppe, preceded the Yamnaya culture (3300–2500 BCE).[16][17]. Haplogroup diversity seems to be common in Iron Age populations all over Eurasia, most likely due to the spread of different types of sociopolitical structures where alliances played a more relevant role in the expansion of peoples. The Yamnaya culture, also known as the Yamnaya Horizon, Yamna culture, Pit Grave culture or Ochre Grave culture, was a late Copper Age to early Bronze Age archaeological culture of the region between the Southern Bug, Dniester, and Ural rivers (the Pontic steppe), dating to 3300–2600 BC. That far greater scale is … (2015), "Eastern European Hunter-Gatherers" (EHG) in today's Russia had a high genetic affinity to a c. 24,000-year-old Siberian from Mal'ta–Buret' culture, which in turn resembles other remains of Siberia,[34] such as the Afontova Gora. Finland has one of the highest Yamnaya contributions in all of Europe (50.4%). Interestingly, the modern population of Ukraine was found to be more closely related to people of the Yamnaya culture than people of the Catacomb culture. [32] Admixture between EHGs and CHGs is believed to have occurred on the eastern Pontic-Caspian steppe starting around 5,000 BC, while admixture with EEFs happened in the southern parts of the Pontic-Caspian steppe sometime later. [31][4] Each of those two populations contributed about half the Yamnaya DNA. The Yamnaya culture is identified with the late Proto-Indo-Europeans, and is the strongest candidate for the Urheimat (original homeland) of the Proto-Indo-European language. Alternatively, Parpola (2015) relates both the Corded ware culture and the Yamnaya culture to the late Tripolye culture. Their location among Yamnaya settlers from Hungary is speculative, although most uncovered kurgans in Hungary are concentrated in the Tisza-Danube interfluve. "[52] Lazaridis et al. Hence the need to consider the whole CHG component of the North Pontic area separately: NOTE. This is supported by the increase of Anatolia farmer ancestry in more western Yamna samples. After preliminary contamination tests, a sample of 96 individuals from the Late Stone Age was examined. Since the only available samples from the Khvalynsk community are R1b (x3), Q1a(x1), and R1a(x1), it seems strange that Anthony would talk about a “significant minority”, unless Q1a (potentially Q1b in the newer nomenclature) will pop up in some more individuals of those ca. The following quotes from "Ancient DNA, Mating Networks, and the Anatolian Split", David Anthony (2019): They concluded that Yamnaya autosomal characteristics are very close to the Corded Ware culture people, with an estimated 73% ancestral contribution from the Yamnaya DNA in the DNA of Corded Ware skeletons from Germany.The same study estimated a (38.8–50.4 %) ancestral contribution of the Yamnaya … R1b-M269. Other sampled Siberian populations clearly show a variety of Q subclades that likely expanded during the Palaeolithic, such as Baikal EBA samples from Ust’Ida and Shamanka with a majority of Q1b, and hg. [3] Its name derives from its characteristic burial tradition: Я́мная (romanization: yamnaya) is a Russian adjective that means 'related to pits (yama)', and these people used to bury their dead in tumuli (kurgans) containing simple pit chambers. Its name derives from its characteristic burial tradition: Ямная (romanization: yamnaya) is a Russian adjective that means 'r… 20-30% compared to the ca. [53][g], Lazaridis et al. Three individuals from the sites of Progress 2 and Vonyuchka 1 in the North Caucasus piedmont steppe (‘Eneolithic steppe’), which harbour EHG and CHG related ancestry, are genetically very similar to Eneolithic individuals from Khvalynsk II and the Samara region. [4] Their genomes showed that a continued mixture of the Caucasians with Middle Eastern took place up to 25,000 years ago, when the coldest period in the last Ice Age started. Moreover, they dominated most of the Indian … These two cultures were followed by the Srubnaya culture (18th–12th century BC). The analysis of male-biased expansion of “Steppe ancestry” in CWC Esperstedt and Bell Beaker Germany is, for the reasons stated above, not very useful to distinguish their mutual influence, though. As Yamnaya Y-DNA is exclusively of the EHG and WHG type, the admixture appears to have occurred predominately between EHG males, and CHG and EEF females. Yamnaya Kalmykia and Afanasievo show the closest fits to the Eneolithic population of the North Caucasian steppes, rejecting thus sizeable contributions from Anatolia Neolithic and/or WHG, as shown by the SD values. NOTE. Because he also mentions I2a2 as appearing in one elite burial, it seems Q1a (like R1a-M459) will not appear under elite kurgans, although it is still possible that hg. Later, Yamnaya admixed through exogamy with Corded Ware-like populations in Central Europe during their expansion. [39], Examination of physical remains of the Yamnaya people has determined that they were Europoid, tall, and massively built. Okunevo, which replaced Afanasevo in the Altai region, shows a majority of hg. [45] Studies that analysed ancient human remains in Ireland and Portugal support the thesis that R-M269 was introduced in these places along with autosomal DNA from the Eastern European steppes. To complicate things further, the late Corded Ware, the emergence of steppe ancestry and R1b-M269 in the eastern Mediterranean was. Each was found to belong to a different Y-DNA haplogroup: R1a, R1b, and J. The most likely outcome in the following years, when Yamnaya and Corded Ware ancestry are investigated separately, is that Yamnaya ancestry will be much lower the farther away from the Middle and Lower Danube region, similar to the case in Iberia, so the map above probably overestimates this component in most Beakers to the north of the Danube. [1][7], Mathieson (2015) analyzed twelve individuals ascribed to the Yamna culture. Despite this decreasing admixture as Bell Beakers spread westward, the explosive expansion of Yamnaya R1b male lineages (in words of David Reich) and the radical replacement of local ones – whether derived from Corded Ware or Neolithic groups – shows the true extent of the North-West Indo-European expansion in Europe: There is scarce data on Palaeo-Balkan movements yet, although it is known that: Interestingly, Potapovka is the only Corded Ware derived culture that shows good fits for Yamnaya ancestry, despite having replaced Poltavka in the region under the same Corded Ware-like (Abashevo) influence as Sintashta. Wikipedia has a nice article on the Afanasievo culture, linking it to the Yamnaya or a proto-Yamnaya culture. The rest of your DNA will be assigned to the ten African regions available on the calculator. With regards to mtDNA, three carried U5a1 or subclades of it, while one carried T2a1. By Ann Gibbons Feb. 21, 2017 , 12:00 PM. Despite the scarce sampling available in 2017 for analysis of “Steppe ancestry”-related populations, it appeared to show already a male sex bias in Goldberg et al. By Ann Gibbons Aug. 2, 2017 , 1:00 PM. This research retraces the history of European populations, but its applications are much broader. (2019), Bell Beakers from Germany are the closest sampled ones to expanding East Bell Beakers, and those close to the Rhine – i.e. As in the Corded Ware ancestry maps, the selected reports in this case are centered on the prototypical Yamnaya ancestry vs. other simplified components, so everything else refers to simplistic ancestral components widespread across populations that do not necessarily share any recent connection, much less a language. Multiple graves have been found in these kurgans, often as later insertions. The study also noted that ancient south Asian samples had significantly higher Steppe_MLBA than Steppe_EMBA (or Yamnaya). Paternal Lineages (Y-DNA) Y-DNA Haplogroups & SNPs Basics; If this is your first visit, be sure to check out the FAQ by clicking the link above. [48], In the Baltic, Jones et al. [36], A genetic study published in August 2014 examined the DNA of the remains of a number of individuals from the Yamnaya culture and the Catacomb culture, who succeeded the Yamnaya culture as the dominant force on the Pontic steppe. While the mtDNA of the Dnieper-Donets people is exclusively types of U, which is associated with the Eastern Hunter-Gatherers (EHGs) of Eastern Europe and the Western Hunter Gatherers (WHGs) of Western Europe, the mtDNA of the Yamnaya also includes types frequent among Caucasian Hunter-Gatherers (CHGs) and Early European Farmers (EEFs). Also, remember that I have left the default behaviour for color classification, so that the highest value (i.e. It is a particular pleasure to … Interestingly, although the Varna outlier is a female, the Balkan outlier from Smyadovo shows two positive SNP calls for hg. This gave rise to the Yamnaya culture. According to David W. Anthony, this implies that the Indo-European languages were the result of "a dominant language spoken by EHGs that absorbed Caucasus-like elements in phonology, morphology, and lexicon." The Yamnaya culture is identified with the late Proto-Indo-Europeans (PIE) in the Kurgan hypothesis of Marija Gimbutas. Formal stats for “Steppe ancestry” in Bell Beaker groups are available in Olalde et al. Back migration from Corded Ware also contributed to Sintashta and Andronovo. 2018 (II): The late Khvalynsk migration waves with R1b-L23 lineages, The origin of social complexity in the development of the Sintashta culture, On the origin and spread of haplogroup R1a-Z645 from eastern Europe, North Pontic steppe Eneolithic cultures, and an alternative Indo-Slavonic model. A map of Yamnaya ancestry among Bell Beakers gets trickier for the following reasons: NOTE. (2018), and others like Lazaridis et al. [7], Haak et al. Anthony (2019) agrees with the most likely explanation of the This group included people similar to that of Corded Ware, Srubnaya, Petrovka, and Sintashta. The ancient DNA study also challenges the idea that as the Yamnaya moved east around 5,000 years ago, they brought Indo-European languages with them deep into Asia. The absence of other main R1b subclades is probably due to the dominance of a single royal or aristocratic lineage among the Yamnayan elite …
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